Crtical analysis in economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crtical analysis in economics - Assignment Example The author puts benefit to the fact that taxing junk food would indeed reduce the rates of obesity, but he questions the duration it will take to see the positive effects. The author then comes up with a number of flaws that in his view would need to be put to consideration before implementing such policies. According to the article taxing junk food raises questions like what exactly needs to be taxed, and how long it would take to see any results. It also raises the possibility of increasing the number of obesity cases, as opposed to reducing them. The author then argues that there is the need to confirm if there is a relationship between obesity and the junk food or else the policy may fail. According to the author, obesity can be linked to lack of exercise such that if people spend more time looking for healthy foods then there will be no time for exercise hence leading to increase in obesity cases.1 The article also touches on accessibility of fresh foods especially by the poor citizens. It also talks about the fact that citizens may not be affected by the prices and will continue to buy junk food all the same. The reasoning behind taxation on junk food focuses on the assumption that it will deter people from buying it and if they do then it will offset the economic costs of managing diseases caused by these unhealthy foods. The main conditions in this case are obesity which relates to high blood pressure and other coronary diseases. The Economist agrees that indeed a tax on calories would reduce cases of obesity. However, the effect would be realized over long periods of time say 20-30 years. He gets support from Brownell, Farley et al. who confirmed that tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce their consumption by around 25% and would in return reduce the cost of healthcare for obesity and overweight diseases. The Economist then goes further to analyze whether there is any relationship between intake of junk food and obesity by asking

Penn State University Application Essay Example for Free

Penn State University Application Essay Ever since middle school, I was already interested in hotel management. I am always fascinated with the way things were done so arduously by the hotel officers and staff, yet they still managed to look so amazingly fresh and attractive for the guests. I have had a very good grade in my hotel management subject during high school and an award for excellence too. Being so inspired to pursue what I have always wanted, I took a year internship at Holiday Inn and passed it with flying colors. After my internship, the AmeriSuite employed me for six months and I moved to a bigger hotel afterwards. I have given a lot of effort in improving my English skills because I believe that hotel management requires more than just interpersonal skills, it requires good communication skills even more. I work at the Washington Dulles Marriott Suite for 2 years now and I enjoy it so much. I am assigned to oversee the front desk, manage the reservation department, and of course, be of service to the hotel guests at all times. I have received awards and recognition for the diligence, dedication and effort that I give to my job. I see to it that my guests feel at home, relaxed, comfortable and happy at the hotel and its crew. At the end of the day, I feel proud of being able to put smiles on the faces of my guests. This work has taught me many things in life: responsibility, management of time and money and diligence. Given an opportunity to be accepted in your prestigious university, I am confident that my optimism, work ethics, background, and experience will benefit not just myself, but also the other students that I may interact with at Penn State University. I have proven to myself that I can adapt to any difficult situation. I know that there is no challenge too difficult that even hard work cannot overcome. I look forward to being part of Penn State University and begin the next level of my academic pursuit.

Applying The Anova Test Education Essay

Applying The Anova Test Education Essay Chapter 6 ANOVA When you want to compare means of more than two groups or levels of an independent variable, one way ANOVA can be used. Anova is used for finding significant relations. Anova is used to find significant relation between various variables. The procedure of ANOVA involves the derivation of two different estimates of population variance from the data. Then statistic is calculated from the ratio of these two estimates. One of these estimates (between group variance) is the measure of the effect of independent variable combined with error variance. The other estimate (within group variance) is of error variance itself. The F-ratio is the ratio of between groups and within groups variance. In case, the null hypothesis is rejected, i.e., when significant different lies, post adhoc analysis or other tests need to be performed to see the results. The Anova test is a parametric test which assumes: Population normality data is numerical data representing samples from normally distributed populations Homogeneity of variance the variances of the groups are similar the sizes of the groups are similar the groups should be independent ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that the means of all the groups being compared are equal, and produces a statistic called F. If the means of all the groups tested by ANOVA are equal, fine. But if the result tells us to reject the null hypothesis, we perform Brown-Forsythe and Welch test options in SPSS. Assumption of Anova: Homogeneity of Variance. As such homogeneity of variance tests are performed. If this assumption is broken then Brown-Forsythe test option and Welch test option display alternate versions of F-statistic. Homogeneity of Variance: If significance value is less than 0.05, variances of groups are significantly different. Brown-Forsythe and Welch test option: If significance value is less than 0.05, reject null hypothesis. Anova: If significance value is less than 0.05, reject null hypothesis. Post Hoc analysis involves hunting through data for some significance. This testing carries risks of type I errors. Post hoc tests are designed to protect against type I errors, given that all the possible comparisons are going to be made. These tests are stricter than planned comparisons and it is difficult to obtain significance. There are many post hoc tests. More the options, stricter will be the determination of significance. Some post hoc tests are: Scheffe test- allows every possible comparison to be made but is tough on rejecting the null hypothesis. Tukey test / honestly significant difference (HSD) test- lenient but the types of comparison that can be made are restricted. This chapter will show Tukey test also. One way ANOVA Working Example 1 : One-way between groups ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons Vijender Gupta wants to compare the scores of CBSE students from four metro cities of India i.e. Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai. He obtained 20 participant scores based on random sampling from each of the four metro cities, collecting 100 responses. Also note that, this is independent design, since the respondents are from different cities. He made following hypothesis: Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference in scores from different metro cities of India Alternate Hypothesis : There is significant difference in scores from different metro cities of India Make the variable view of data table as shown in the figure below. Enter the values of city as 1-Delhi, 2-Kolkata, 3-Mumbai, 4-Chennai. Fill the data view with following data. City Score 1 400.00 1 450.00 1 499.00 1 480.00 1 495.00 1 300.00 1 350.00 1 356.00 1 269.00 1 298.00 1 299.00 1 599.00 1 466.00 1 591.00 1 502.00 1 598.00 1 548.00 1 459.00 1 489.00 1 499.00 2 389.00 2 398.00 2 399.00 2 599.00 2 598.00 2 457.00 2 498.00 2 400.00 2 300.00 2 369.00 2 368.00 2 348.00 2 499.00 2 475.00 2 489.00 2 498.00 2 399.00 2 398.00 2 378.00 2 498.00 3 488.00 3 469.00 3 425.00 3 450.00 3 399.00 3 385.00 3 358.00 3 299.00 3 298.00 3 389.00 3 398.00 3 349.00 3 358.00 3 498.00 3 452.00 3 411.00 3 398.00 3 379.00 3 295.00 3 250.00 4 450.00 4 400.00 4 450.00 4 428.00 4 398.00 4 359.00 4 360.00 4 302.00 4 310.00 4 295.00 4 259.00 4 301.00 4 322.00 4 365.00 4 389.00 4 378.00 4 345.00 4 498.00 4 489.00 4 456.00 Click on Analyze menuÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.One-Way ANOVA dialogue box will be opened. Select Student Score(dependent variable) in Dependent List box and City(independent variable) in the Factor as shown in the figure below. Click Contrastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Contrasts sub dialogue box will be opened. See that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Post Hoc sub dialogue box will be opened. See that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Tukey test and Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Also note that significant level in this sub dialogue box is 0.05, which can be changed according to the need. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button. Options sub dialogue box will be opened. Select the Descriptive and Homogenity of variance test check box and see that all the settings remain as shown in the figure below. Click Continue to close this sub dialogue box and come back to One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The Output: ONEWAY Score BY City /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES HOMOGENEITY /MISSING ANALYSIS /POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05). Descriptives Student Score N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi 20 447.3500 104.69016 23.40943 398.3535 496.3465 269.00 599.00 Kolkata 20 437.8500 79.75771 17.83437 400.5222 475.1778 300.00 599.00 Mumbai 20 387.4000 67.25396 15.03844 355.9242 418.8758 250.00 498.00 Chennai 20 377.7000 68.49287 15.31547 345.6443 409.7557 259.00 498.00 Total 80 412.5750 85.54676 9.56442 393.5375 431.6125 250.00 599.00 Test of Homogeneity of Variances Student Score Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 2.371 3 76 .077 Since, homogeneity of variance should not be there for conducting Anova tests, which is one of the assumptions of Anova, we see that Levenes test shows that homogeneity of variance is not significant (p>0.05). As such, you can be confident that population variances for each group are approximately equal. We can see the Anova results ahead. ANOVA Student Score Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 73963.450 3 24654.483 3.716 .015 Within Groups 504178.100 76 6633.922 Total 578141.550 79 Table above shows the F test values along with degrees of freedom (2,76) and significance of 0.15. Given that p Multiple Comparisons Student Score Tukey HSD (I) Metro City (J) Metro City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi Kolkata 9.50000 25.75640 .983 -58.1568 77.1568 Mumbai 59.95000 25.75640 .101 -7.7068 127.6068 Chennai 69.65000* 25.75640 .041 1.9932 137.3068 Kolkata Delhi -9.50000 25.75640 .983 -77.1568 58.1568 Mumbai 50.45000 25.75640 .213 -17.2068 118.1068 Chennai 60.15000 25.75640 .099 -7.5068 127.8068 Mumbai Delhi -59.95000 25.75640 .101 -127.6068 7.7068 Kolkata -50.45000 25.75640 .213 -118.1068 17.2068 Chennai 9.70000 25.75640 .982 -57.9568 77.3568 Chennai Delhi -69.65000* 25.75640 .041 -137.3068 -1.9932 Kolkata -60.15000 25.75640 .099 -127.8068 7.5068 Mumbai -9.70000 25.75640 .982 -77.3568 57.9568 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Using Tukey HSD further, we can conclude that Delhi and Chennai have significant difference in their scores. This can be concluded from figure above and figure below. Student Score Tukey HSDa Metro City N Subset for alpha = 0.05 1 2 Chennai 20 377.7000 Mumbai 20 387.4000 387.4000 Kolkata 20 437.8500 437.8500 Delhi 20 447.3500 Sig. .099 .101 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 20.000. Working Example 2 : One-way between groups ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe and Weltch tests Aditya wants to see that there exists a significant difference between collecting information (internet use) and internet benefits. He collects data from 29 respondents and finds the solution through one way Anova. Note: The respondents count in the working example is kept small for showing all the 29 responses in data view window in figure ahead. Null Hypothesis : There is no significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Alternate Hypothesis : There is significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Internet Use Collecting Information(Info) [see figure below] Internet Benefits Availability of updated information(Use1) Easy movement across websites(Use2) Prompt online ordering(Use3) Prompt query handling(Use4) Get lowest price for product/service purchase(Compar1) Easy comparison of product/service from several vendors(Compar2) Easy comparison of price from several vendors(Compar3) Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product/ service(Compar4) Reduced order processing time(RedPTM1) Reduced paper flow(RedPTM2) Reduced ordering costs(RedPTM3) Info (Collecting Information) : 1(Never), 2(Occasionally), 3(Considerably), 4(Almost Always), 5(Always) Internet Benefits : 1(Not important), 2(Less important), 3(Important), 4(Very Important), 5(Extremely Important) Enter the variable view of variables as shown in the figure below. Enter the data in the data view as shown in the figure below. Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The One-Way ANOVA dialogue box will be opened. Insert all the internet benefits variables in dependent list and internet use variable in the factor as shown in the figure below. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. See that significance level is set as per need. In this case, we have used 0.05 significance level. Click Continue to close the sub dialogue box. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button in the One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Select the Descriptive, Homogeneity of variance test, Brown-Forsythe and Welch check boxes and click continue to close this sub dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The OUTPUT ONEWAY Use1 Use2 Use3 Use4 Compar1 Compar2 Compar3 Compar4 RedPTM1 RedPTM2 RedPTM3 BY InfoG2 /STATISTICS HOMOGENEITY BROWNFORSYTHE WELCH /MISSING ANALYSIS. Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. Availability of Updated information 1.117 3 25 .361 Easy Movement across around websites .475 3 25 .703 Prompt online ordering .914 3 25 .448 Prompt Query handling 2.379 3 25 .094 Get lowest price for product / service purchase 1.327 3 25 .288 Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors .755 3 25 .530 Easy comparison of price from several vendors 3.677 3 25 .025 Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service 1.939 3 25 .149 Reduced order processing time .326 3 25 .806 Reduced Paper Flow 1.478 3 25 .245 Reduced Ordering Costs 2.976 3 25 .051 Table above shows that Easy comparison of price from several vendors has significantly different variances according to levene statistic and showing significant level of only 0.025 (which is below 0.05 for 5% level of significance) as such anova result may not be valid for this variable. Therefore, Brown-Forsythe and Welch tests are performed for analyzing this particular variable. ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Availability of Updated information Between Groups .702 3 .234 1.775 .178 Within Groups 3.298 25 .132 Total 4.000 28 Easy Movement across around websites Between Groups 2.630 3 .877 1.817 .170 Within Groups 12.060 25 .482 Total 14.690 28 Prompt online ordering Between Groups 1.785 3 .595 2.154 .119 Within Groups 6.905 25 .276 Total 8.690 28 Prompt Query handling Between Groups 1.742 3 .581 2.132 .121 Within Groups 6.810 25 .272 Total 8.552 28 Get lowest price for product / service purchase Between Groups .059 3 .020 .074 .974 Within Groups 6.631 25 .265 Total 6.690 28 Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors Between Groups .604 3 .201 .617 .610 Within Groups 8.155 25 .326 Total 8.759 28 Easy comparison of price from several vendors Between Groups 6.630 3 2.210 4.582 .011 Within Groups 12.060 25 .482 Total 18.690 28 Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service Between Groups 1.302 3 .434 2.212 .112 Within Groups 4.905 25 .196 Total 6.207 28 Reduced order processing time Between Groups .273 3 .091 .259 .854 Within Groups 8.762 25 .350 Total 9.034 28 Reduced Paper Flow Between Groups .140 3 .047 .110 .954 Within Groups 10.619 25 .425 Total 10.759 28 Reduced Ordering Costs Between Groups .647 3 .216 .453 .718 Within Groups 11.905 25 .476 Total 12.552 28 Table above shows the F test values along with significance in case of collecting information (Internet use). Comparing the F test values and significance values, we see that all the anova comparisons favour the acceptance of null hypothesis. Please note that significance values are greater than 0.05 in all the variables except easy comparison of price from several vendors, according to homogeneity rule, this variable will not be judged by Anova F statistic. For this variable, we have performed Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests. Robust Tests of Equality of Meansb,c,d Statistica df1 df2 Sig. Availability of Updated information Welch 1.123 3 7.172 .401 Brown-Forsythe 1.244 3 6.530 .368 Easy Movement across around websites Welch 1.659 3 8.402 .249 Brown-Forsythe 2.051 3 17.509 .144 Prompt online ordering Welch 1.633 3 7.896 .258 Brown-Forsythe 2.178 3 11.593 .145 Prompt Query handling Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Get lowest price for product / service purchase Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Easy comparison of product / service from several vendors Welch .560 3 8.014 .656 Brown-Forsythe .682 3 12.935 .579 Easy comparison of price from several vendors Welch . . . . Brown-Forsythe . . . . Able to obtain competitive and educational information regarding product / service Welch 1.472 3 7.457 .298 Brown-Forsythe 1.827 3 9.211 .211 Reduced order processing time Welch .219 3 8.155 .881 Brown-Forsythe .278 3 14.596 .840 Reduced Paper Flow Welch .119 3 8.021 .946 Brown-Forsythe .122 3 15.144 .946 Reduced Ordering Costs Welch .735 3 8.066 .560 Brown-Forsythe .525 3 16.006 .671 a. Asymptotically F distributed. b. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Prompt Query handling because at least one group has 0 variance. c. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Get lowest price for product / service purchase because at least one group has 0 variance. d. Robust tests of equality of means cannot be performed for Easy comparision of price from several vendors because at least one group has 0 variance. Table above shows the Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests performed on the internet benefits and particularly help in analyzing easy comparison of product / service from several vendors. The significance values are much higher then required 0.05. The Statistics and significance values indicate the acceptance of null hypothesis. The analysis and conclusion from output: Homogeneity of Variance test Anova test Brown-Forsythe test Welch test Accept Null Hypothesis Use1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use2 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Use4 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar2 x x Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Compar4 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM1 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM2 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ RedPTM3 Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ Æ’Â ¼ All the results verify the Null Hypothesis acceptance. Hence, we accept null hypothesis, i.e., There is no significant difference in collecting information and internet benefits. Working Example 3 : One-way between groups ANOVA with planned comparisons Ritu Gupta wants to know the sales in four different metro cities of India in Diwali season. She assumes the sales contrast of 2:1:-1:-2 for Delhi:Kolkata:Mumbai:Chennai, respectively. She collects sales data from 10 respondents each from the four metro cities, collecting a total of 40 sales data. Open new data file and make variables as shown in the figure below. The values column in the city row consists of following values: 1 Delhi 2 Kolkata 3 Mumbai 4 Chennai Enter the sales data of 40 respondents as shown below: City Sales (Rs. Lacs) 1 500.00 1 498.00 1 478.00 1 499.00 1 450.00 1 428.00 1 500.00 1 498.00 1 486.00 1 469.00 2 500.00 2 428.00 2 439.00 2 389.00 2 379.00 2 498.00 2 469.00 2 428.00 2 412.00 2 410.00 3 421.00 3 410.00 3 389.00 3 359.00 3 369.00 3 359.00 3 349.00 3 349.00 3 359.00 3 400.00 4 289.00 4 269.00 4 259.00 4 299.00 4 389.00 4 349.00 4 350.00 4 301.00 4 297.00 4 279.00 Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  Compare MeansÆ’Â  One-Way ANOVAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This will open One-Way ANOVA dialogue box. Shift the Sales variable to Dependent List and City variable to Factor column. Click Contrastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. Enter the coefficients as shown in the figure below. Notice that the coefficient total should be zero. Click continue to close the sub dialogue box and come back to previous dialogue box. Click Post Hocà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to check the significance level in the Post Hoc sub dialogue box. In this case it is 0.05. Click continue to close this sub dialogue box. Click Optionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ push button to open its sub dialogue box. Select descriptive and homogeneity of variance test and click continue to close this sub dialogue box. This will open previous dialogue box. Click OK to see the output viewer. The Output: ONEWAY Sales BY City /CONTRAST=2 1 -1 -2 /STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES HOMOGENEITY /MISSING ANALYSIS. Descriptives Sales (Rs.Lacs) N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Delhi 10 480.6000 24.87837 7.86723 462.8031 498.3969 428.00 500.00 Kolkata 10 435.2000 41.99153 13.27889 405.1611 465.2389 379.00 500.00 Mumbai 10 376.4000 26.45415 8.36554 357.4758 395.3242 349.00 421.00 Chennai 10 308.1000 41.33992 13.07283 278.5272 337.6728 259.00 389.00 Total 40 400.0750 73.46703 11.61616 376.5791 423.5709 259.00 500.00 Test of Homogeneity of Variances Sales (Rs.Lacs) Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 1.377 3 36 .265 The Levene test statistic shows that p>.05. As such, assumption of ANOVA for homogeneity of variance has not been violated. ANOVA Sales (Rs.Lacs) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 167379.475 3 55793.158 46.581 .000 Within Groups 43119.300 36 1197.758 Total 210498.775 39 The Anova F-ratio and significance values suggests that season does significantly influence the sales in the cities, F(3,36) = 46.581, p The contrast coefficients, as assumed are shown in the table below. Contrast Coefficients Contrast Metro City Delhi Kolkata Mumbai Chennai 1 2 1 -1 -2 Contrast Tests Contrast Value of Contrast Std. Error t df Sig. (2-tailed) Sales (Rs.Lacs) Assume equal variances 1 403.8000 34.60865 11.668 36 .000 Does not assume equal variances 1 403.8000 34.31443 11.768 22.101 .000 Since, the assumptions of homogeneity of variance were not violated, you can discuss with assume equal variances row of upper table. The t value of 36 is highly significant (p The descriptive table shows that during Diwali season, Delhi has maximum sales and Chennai has least sales according to the respondents. To obtain F value, the above T value will be squared, i.e. F=T2 = 11.668*11.668=136.142224. Also note that, df1 for planned comparison is always 1, i.e. df1=1 and df2 will be shown in the within groups estimate of ANOVA table above, i.e., df2=36. As such we can write the result as F(1,36)=136.142224, p Two way ANOVA Two way ANOVA is similar to one way ANOVA in all the aspects except that in this case additional independent variable is introduced. Each independent variable includes two or more variants. Working Example 4 : Two way between groups ANOVA Neha gupta wants to research that whether sales (dependent) of the respondents depend on their place(independent) and education (independent). She assigns 9 respondents from each metro city. Each respondent can select three education levels. Place: 1(Delhi), 2(Kolkata), 3(Chennai) Education: 1(Under graduate), 2(Graduate), 3(Post Graduate) A total of 3x3x9 = 81 responses were collected. She wants to know whether : The location influences sales? The education influences the sales? The influence of education on sales depends on location of respondent? Make the data file by creating variables as shown in the figure below. Enter the data in the data view as shown in the figure below. Click AnalyzeÆ’Â  General Linear ModelÆ’Â  Univariateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This will open Univariate dialogue box. Choose sales and send it in dependent variable box. Similarly, choose place and education to send them in fixed factor(s) list box. Click Options push button to open its sub dialogue box. Click Descriptive Statistics, Estimates of effect size, Observed power and Homogeneity tests check boxes in the Display box and click continue. Previous dialogue box will open. Click OK to see the output. The Output : UNIANOVA Sales BY Place Education /METHOD=SSTYPE(3) /INTERCEPT=INCLUDE /PRINT=ETASQ HOMOGENEITY DESCRIPTIVE OPOWER /CRITERIA=ALPHA(.05) /DESIGN=Place Education Place*Education. Between-Subjects Factors Value Label N Place 1 Delhi 9 2 Kolkata 9 3 Chennai 9 Education 1

Masque Of The Red Death :: essays research papers

In "The Masque of the Red Death", Poe leads one event into another often. He uses much symbolism, and in the paragraphs below, I will show you it. In the first couple of paragraphs however, I will summarize the plot and state the theme. In this plot, Poe begins by talking about the Red Death, basically setting the stage for later events in the story. Then, he talks about Prince Prospero, which tells the reader that Prospero and the Red Death will have a conflict later in the story. Next, Poe gives a short summary of the setting, and also mentions that the "Red Death" was not there. After this, Poe gives a description of the rooms. The first room had blue ornaments and windows. Poe then makes each room darker until he gets to the seventh, which is black. This shows that death is coming to Prospero. Also, in the seventh room, the windows are blood red, which also shows that the "Red Death" is coming. Also, the ebony clock keeps on ticking, which is slowly setting up the conflict, Prince Prospero vs. "The Red Death." Also, the color of the wood is also symbolic. Ebony is black, so again death is symbolized. At the end, or conclusion, the clock strikes 12, and "The Red Death" makes its appearance, and kills Prospero. In the plot, I believe that the talking about the Red Death and Prospero is the introduction, because it introduced the two big influences in the story. I also think that the descriptions of the rooms is the rising action, because it gives the setting for the conflict. The conflict is Prospero trying to avoid the Red Death, which is man vs. nature. The falling action in the story is when Prospero is caught by the Red Death, and the conclusion is that he is dead. The theme of the story is that you cannot escape death no matter how hard

Initiate Changes in the Corporate Culture of the Business Essay

Currently, to lead in the 21st century organization become more challenges, as a manager in bank leading toward excellent organization needs more changes. There are several management changes that manger need to change its culture. Basically, leadership roles must be upgrade because nowadays as manager they need a lot of thinking and variety of skills such as motivation, drive, honesty, conceptual ability, mastering in technology, lifelong learner and great communicator. As manger also need to show high performance to make sure every staff in bank get inspired to do better in their performance. Before initiate changes, as a manager in this bank need to choose stretch goals to make sure which part should be changes and to identify outstanding practices, process and standards in other successful organization to be adapted in this organization. On the other hand, as a manager need to plan for contingencies, in case some of the new changes cannot be adapted by management in this bank. To be more understand about organization flow and to solve management problems, a manager must planned from Bottom-to-Top which means, manager must know and understand what is problems that their face and asks opinion from lower level manager what needs to be changes. As a manager also must be open minded and able change mind in adaptation to technology changes, because currently this organization practices slow flow management especially first line management which directly dealing with customer. Firstly, avoid customer waiting too long, provide more counter and the counter must be available because having more counter without staff will make customer complaint and they will find other bank that will serve them better than us. At the same time, system numbering must be follow counter correctly without any double customer in one time, because the digital numbering sometimes not work properly and make customer confuse either they have to wait or go to the counter. When comes to serve customer, workers having problem with current machine to calculate oney, so as a manger must find high-technology with high quality machine to make sure the machine can run smoothly without having too many problems. Hire more staff is good to organization because this organization just have few staff to entertain customer service especially in loan process, such as handle loan land, loan ASB (Amanah Saham Berhad), loan house and any related to customer services. In this case, customer will see how fast we can settle their request or problems, because customer cannot wait too long especially working peoples. So, with having more counter and staff it will help reduce number of queue customer. In addition, provide more touch screen computer that contains guideline to fill up any form or option or document needed before proceed with counter, the guideline also includes for first time customer to register with us. The machine must put in every corner of bank to avoid customer queue too long and to reduce cost of workers in customer service department. Besides, number of ATM and cash deposit machine need to increase because of many customers complaint have to wait and queue to long with small number of ATM and cash deposit machine. on the other hand, this bank need to change with using high-technology system in computer such use scanning to identify customer fast and correctly, then use high-technology programming to build up better application system in every ATM machine and cash deposit machine, which customer may do payment any bills, loan, prepaid, transfer to other bank and so on to avoid wasting time at counter provided. Furthermore, the 21st century organization need to show fast adaptation in any technology changes, so with development of internet network, company must make sure website of organization must be safe and protected by high security system to avoid hackers to the company website and databases. After that, the website must be user friendly and up-to-date information, because some of customer hard to understand the instruction and requirements needed through website especially for generation X (40 years and above). Obviously, this organization practices culture of grouping different race, level and department or community. So, as a manager need to plan and change it to break the group and let workers unite together to achieves goals and cooperate each other to success in their carrier. At the same time, rewards staff that has more effort to make company success and achieve organization’s goals. Such as, appreciate them with put their name in business successful story in magazines, newspaper and website to make heir feel appreciated and worth with all given effort that they have contributed to company. Then, give extra bonus and increased salary for that staffs perform well in jobs given. Quality controlled must be introduced in this organization, because with having more technology, staff, and counter cannot solve management problem without control it time to time. Quality control needed to help management make better decision and continuous improvement in this business. At the same time, attract more customer and shareholder to come and do business with us because of guaranteed quality from this bank. Finally, to expand more business and profit of organization, as a manager must be a great communicator and always think globalize to adapt with our environment and global environment. Such as, to penetrate market in Japan, the organization must learn Japanese language and their culture, so that company may easily adapt with their culture that focus on save the environment.

Introduction Windows vs. Linux essays

Introduction Windows vs. Linux essays Windows and Linux come in various versions. Within the Windows family there are two main lines: Windows 9x which consists of Windows 95, 98, 98se and Me, and NT classes (Windows NT, 2000, and XP). The birth of Windows actually started out with Windows 3.0 which was a DOS overlay. The versions of Linux are referred to as distributions. The marketing of the products differ in that purchases of Microsoft are strictly controlled by Microsoft and licensing is purchased from Microsoft. With Linux there are different versions of the product that are written by different companies. Examples of this are Redhat, Lindows, and SUSE (our software of choice). All the Linux versions released around the same time frame will use the same kernel. They differ in the add-on software provided1. The differences between Linux distributions will be less obvious to the standard user and more obvious to a technical user. This is equivalent to the differences between Windows 95, 98, 98se and Me. Windows 2000 provides a wide range of benefits, features and functionality such as: Enhanced file management: Windows 2000 provides significant enhancements to file management, including: Disk defragmenting, which NT 4.0 lacks. Encrypted File System (EFS) uses public key technology to encrypt files or folders. Backup software: Ntbackup is extremely useful for backing up files that the operating system always has open, such as Active Directory databases and the registry. Distributed File System (Dfs) makes it easier for users to locate data on the network. Plug and Play implementation, similar to Windows 98, makes it easier to install devices. Group Policy allows administrators to manage the desktops of user running Windows 2000 Professional, including which applications they can use. Another service that Windows 2000 Server offers is Terminal Services. This service Allows client machines ...

Women Celebrities of World War II

Women Celebrities of World War II With the 20th centurys movie industry making many women (and men) into well-known celebrities, and the star system extended into other fields such as sports as well, it was only natural that some stars would find ways to use their celebrity to support the war effort. The Axis Actress In Germany, Hitler used propaganda to support his war effort. Actress, dancer, and photographer Leni Riefenstahl made documentary films for the Nazi Party during the 1930s and Hitlers consolidation of power. She escaped punishment after the war after a court found that she was not herself a Nazi party member. Acting Allies In America, films and plays promoting participation in the war and anti-Nazi films and plays were also part of the overall war effort. Women actresses played in many of these. Women also wrote some of them: Lillian Hellmans 1941 play, The Rhine, warned of the rise of the Nazis. Entertainer Josephine Baker worked with the French Resistance and entertained troops in Africa and the Middle East. Alice Marble, a tennis star, secretly married an intelligence operative and when he died, was convinced to spy on a former lover, a Swiss banker, suspected of having records of Nazi finances. She found such information and was shot in the back, but escaped and recovered. Her story was told only after her death in 1990. Carole Lombard made her final film as a satire about the Nazis and died in a plane crash after attending a war bond rally. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared her the first woman to die in the line of duty in the war. Her new husband, Clark Gable, enlisted in the Air Force after her death. A ship was named in Lombards honor. Perhaps the most famous pin-up poster in World War II showed Betty Grable in a swimsuit from the back, looking over her shoulder. The Varga Girls, drawn by Alberto Vargas, were also popular, as were photos of Veronica Lake, Jane Russell, and Lane Turner. Fundraising In New Yorks theater world, Rachel Crothers started the Stage Womens War Relief. Others who helped to raise funds for war relief and the war effort included Tallulah Bankhead, Bette Davis, Lynn Fontaine, Helen Hayes, Katharine Hepburn, Hedy Lamarr, Gypsy Rose Lee, Ethel Merman, and the Andrews Sisters. Giving Back To the Troops The USO Tours or Camp Shows which entertained troops in the US and overseas drew many women entertainers, too. Rita Hayworth, Betty Grable, the Andrews Sisters, Ann Miller, Martha Raye, Marlene Dietrich, and many lesser-knowns were ​a  welcome relief for the soldiers. Several all-girl bands and orchestras toured, including the International Sweethearts of Rhythm, one of the rare racially-mixed groups.

Free Essays on Good Gone Bad

9/11 and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay written by: babyboo L’Etat C’est Moi : Absolutism in the Age of Reason By analyzing the Taliban regime and their motives, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas, and by comparing the two, it will be made evident that Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas of government rule over people’s lives is true in this specific case. On September 11, 2001 the heart of the United States of America was ripped out in a matter of 10 minutes by Islamic extremists who follow the Taliban Regime. The first attack was at 8:45 am when two planes were hijacked and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Thousands lost their lives that day. This was the day that started â€Å"America’s War on Terrorism.† The Taliban Regime believes that Islam is the right and only way to live. The government inflicts Islam teachings on their citizens. It is law that all women must wear the hajib when out in public, if not they will be punished. All men must enroll in the army, unless he is the only son with no one else to carry on the family name. Children are taught to die for their religion. When an Islam nation declares a Jihad (a religious war) it is solved by death of a nation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in Switzerland in 1712. He was a Philosopher who believed that all people are good and it is bad government that turns them to do evil. He believed that the government brainwashes it’s citizens to believe in their way. And if any one of it’s citizens refuses to obey the general’s will may be forced by his fellows to do so. Thus saying that it may be necessary to force a man to be free. For example if the law demanded that every man must enroll with the army by the age of 18, and one of it’s citizens did not agree with this law and tried to get out of it, that man would be forced to enroll. He would be forced to fight for his country, and his freedom. Even if he didn’t bel... Free Essays on Good Gone Bad Free Essays on Good Gone Bad 9/11 and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay written by: babyboo L’Etat C’est Moi : Absolutism in the Age of Reason By analyzing the Taliban regime and their motives, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas, and by comparing the two, it will be made evident that Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas of government rule over people’s lives is true in this specific case. On September 11, 2001 the heart of the United States of America was ripped out in a matter of 10 minutes by Islamic extremists who follow the Taliban Regime. The first attack was at 8:45 am when two planes were hijacked and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Thousands lost their lives that day. This was the day that started â€Å"America’s War on Terrorism.† The Taliban Regime believes that Islam is the right and only way to live. The government inflicts Islam teachings on their citizens. It is law that all women must wear the hajib when out in public, if not they will be punished. All men must enroll in the army, unless he is the only son with no one else to carry on the family name. Children are taught to die for their religion. When an Islam nation declares a Jihad (a religious war) it is solved by death of a nation. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva in Switzerland in 1712. He was a Philosopher who believed that all people are good and it is bad government that turns them to do evil. He believed that the government brainwashes it’s citizens to believe in their way. And if any one of it’s citizens refuses to obey the general’s will may be forced by his fellows to do so. Thus saying that it may be necessary to force a man to be free. For example if the law demanded that every man must enroll with the army by the age of 18, and one of it’s citizens did not agree with this law and tried to get out of it, that man would be forced to enroll. He would be forced to fight for his country, and his freedom. Even if he didn’t bel...

Preamble of the United States' Constitution Essay

Preamble of the United States' Constitution - Essay Example The language used in the preamble of the US’ constitution envisions an American society where citizens are granted the freedom to develop appropriate sets of beliefs that governs the way they relate to each other. It states further that the monarchy does not have divine rights over its subjects. The source of power rests with citizens because they were born with it. The monarchy was established by the citizens for protection purposes. Citizens agreed to obey the monarchy and in return, the latter would protect their innate rights (Loflin 7). The preface of the US constitution guarantees freedom and posterity to all American citizens (Borgwardt 10). The constitution of United States promotes a democratic system that guarantees pluralism and self-government. With regard to pluralism, citizens have the liberty to develop customs and beliefs that will govern their lives. With respect to self-rule, citizens are granted the freedom to partake in the development of polity in which they reside and in its ensuing governance (Loflin 3). As note above, the language of the preamble promotes the general wellbeing of US citizens. It also states that citizens have rights to elect a government that will protect their interests. Consequently, the working class citizens can use the democratic process to elect leaders that will promote their welfare (Borgwardt 10). Borgwardt, Elizabeth. All the clauses in the Preamble to the Constitution are worth fighting for: FDR’s Four Freedoms and Mid-century Transformation in America’s Discourse of Rights. Washington University: St. Louis, n.d.

Aristotelian theory of virtueand the rule of the golden mean Essay

Aristotelian theory of virtueand the rule of the golden mean - Essay Example This essay discusses that these are the reasons why Categorical Imperative requires choosing the option to help the roommate, notwithstanding that it may influence the results of the crucially important life-changing test. Mill’s Utilitarianism is based on the claim that people should act in accordance with what will make them happier and bring as much utility as possible. However, moral actions in this context are those that would also make other people happier and reduce the overall amount of unhappiness. Thus the moral doctrine, in general, proclaims looking for a compromise that would satisfy both a person and the other person who needs help. In the given situation, it is important to find a solution that would allow me to sleep enough and not to fail the test and help the friend to get home safe. Driving the friend home myself can affect my test score, which would not bring me any utility; although living my friend alone in such situation would not only be bad for him but also would make me think of what an immoral person I am, which turns out to be bad for me as well. Thus the best compromise in this situation is probably to call a taxi and pay the driver to bring my friend home. While the taxi would be delivering the roommate, I would be able to keep sleeping, so I wouldn’t fail the exam of my life. Therefore this compromising decision would both help my friend and allow me to get some sleep which is required to succeed on the exam, which is of crucial importance and can’t be failed whatsoever.

Behavioural Finance final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavioural Finance final - Essay Example Different ways of reforms of financial crisis have been developed. Therefore, role of public policy will be discussed through some relevant economic theories developed by the eminent economists. These are Modern Momentary Theory, Moslers’s Law and Reverse Recardian Equivalence. These theories will be applied to identify the best possible ways in light of public sector to address financial crisis. Recommendations from these theories will be analysed in the light of endogenous money theory. Relation of economic crisis with public sector Economic crisis is worst case scenario of an economy which has subsequent effect on the world economy. Worldwide globalization has linked up the economies of all the countries with open economy. Different financial activities of people across the world have substantial or major contribution in economic crisis. Financial institutions especially banks are the major participants in economic crisis which represents financial stability of an economy t hrough the participation of public in various financial instruments. There are many different types of root causes behind the recessions or financial crisis took place mainly in the developed countries in USA and United Kingdom and spread in the world economy. ... General tendency of people is to invest their savings into some sectors that shows future potential and growth to provide more than expected return and i.e. much higher government bond return. But, future growth of a private sector in terms of growth in revenue is depends on the increase in income level as well purchasing power of public in the economy. Therefore, if both are not in a equilibrium position in future, a dramatic bubble occurs in the expected potential sectors and major decline in revenue starts which affect both the equity return as well businesses not able to pay the major creditors like banks (Callan, Nolan & Walsh, 2010, p.15). Effective theories of public policy There are numbers of economic theories developed by the eminent economists who have provided recommendation through their theories. These recommendations are highly related with the financial activities of public sector to address economic crisis. Following three economic theories are most relevant with the ways of reforming financial crisis. Modern Monetary Theory It is a descriptive economic theory that deals with consequences and procedures of using monetary tokens issued by government and it is acts as a unit of money i.e. fiat money. This theory can be applied to analyse modern economies where it acts as national currency of an economy which is issued and regulated by the government. According to this theory of economics, money enters into the market for circulation through the government spending. Taxation is employed in the economy to value the fiat money as currency. It controls the demand and supply of money in the market. Modern Monetary theory maintains a standard equilibrium level of

Analyzing Management Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Management Strategies - Research Paper Example The model of management as guided by the theory of TQM supports process ownership in a manner that cultivates team work and eliminates any forms of hierarchies that impede the quality of work through bureaucratic challenges and structural disconnection of the processes within the organization. It is important to consider the fact that some of the issues that attend to the processes of TQM depend on the nature of management and the organizational structure of the firm. On this score, the organization must manage its internal processes in a manner that cultivates harmony across the various processes. A distinguishing aspect of TQM is that it is related to the aspect of information sharing and process regulation (Oakland, 2000). All the distinct components in the supply chain are usually involved in the process for the purpose of enhancing the nature of information sharing and process management. On this score, it becomes important to consider some of the issues that attend to the manag ement of process within the level of management. A key advantage of TQM theory over other theoretical frameworks is that it is basically customer-centered. It actively brings the customer within the processes of the organization in order to capture the rhythms and essence of the market from the perspective of customer preferences, trends on the market, and the general nature of the market. In usual cases, these processes are meant to attract and retain customers through the provision quality services that ensure the retention of the customer base and the maintenance of the market segment. In essence, the processes of management is tailored on the need to develop a process that supplies the basic essence of management in a manner that harmonizes operations across the various processes that relate to issues of management. The theory of Total Quality Management could apply to various processes that regard matters of managerial dynamisms. An example of the areas where such processes cou ld apply is in the food and beverages industry. Total Quality Management requires the harmonization of processes in a way that ensures quality delivery of services and the satisfaction of the customers. The food and beverages industry is usually associated with high levels of risk and losses. By applying the theories of TQM, it becomes possible to regulate the processes in the food and beverages industry in a manner that aligns well with the processes of production, supply, management, and marketing. Companies such as McDonalds and other PepsiCo Inc usually apply the processes of TQM for the purpose of achieving optimum production, high levels of quality, and customer satisfaction. The various integrated processes in TQM usually work in ways that propel organizations towards high levels of profitability and growth. Some of the challenges that attend to the application of the theory of total quality management is that the nature of organizations has undergone significant shifts in st ructures and processes. The advent of globalization, liberalization, and the developments in the information, communication, and technology sector has redefined the working environment in ways that affect the process of integration,

Choose two theorists of Consciousness who write from different Essay - 1

Choose two theorists of Consciousness who write from different perspectives; explore and evaluate their respective contributions to the discipline of Psychonautics and Somanautics - Essay Example It should also fully explain the phenomena that are related to consciousness elements (Wilber, 2000). Although it is as old as human existence itself, consciousness has been a major unresolved problem in the world of science (Lancaster, 2004). However, there are some researchers who are willing to tackle this mystery. The term psychonautics is derived from two Greek terminologies: psyche (mind, spirit, soul) and nautes (sailor, navigator). It refers to the methodology used in the explanation and description of the subjective effects of consciousness states that have been altered (Surhone, Tipledon and Marseken, 2010). These alterations of the mind can be caused by many things including the use of mind-altering substances and spiritualism. Psychonautics can also be used to refer to a certain research concept whereby an individual explores human existence and experience by immersing himself into a state of altered consciousness (Eccles, 1994). Psychonautics can also be defined as the methodology sued in the study and exploration of consciousness and altered forms of consciousness. This definition rests with the idea that for one to study consciousness, he has to transform it first. Somanautics, a derivation of the Greek words soma (body) and nautes (Salilor, navigator), is a term used to refer to the exploration of the consciousness of the body. Therefore, the field of psychonautics and somanutics deals with the study and exploration of the body, mind and soul. The person who immerses himself into altered states for research purposes is referred to as a psychonaut (Blom, 2009). Surhone, Tipledon and Marseken (2010) add that the term psychonautics can be applied on a diversity of activities including those in which the altered states are â€Å"induced and utilized for spiritual purposes or the exploration of the human condition† (3). Some of the examples of altered state

Reflection Groups in Geometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Reflection Groups in Geometry - Essay Example A reflection group is a distinct group produced by multiple reflections of a finite-dimensional (Euclidean) space. Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras and symmetry groups of regular polytypes are examples of finite reflection groups while infinite groups comprise the Weyl groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras and the triangle groups similar to ordinary tessellations of the hyperbolic plane and Euclidean plane. With regard to symmetry, discrete isometry groups of broad Riemannian manifolds that are formed by reflections are grouped into classes leading to hyperbolic reflection groups (corresponding to hyperbolic space), affine (corresponding to Euclidean space) and finite reflection groups (then-sphere). Coxeter groups are reflection groups that are finitely generated. Unlike reflection groups, Coxeter groups are abstract groups that have a certain structure generated by reflections. An investigation of the topology and geometry of reflection groups will help us comp rehend the theoretic properties of the group. The concept of reflection in a Euclidean space and the hypothesis of discrete groups of motions resulting from reflections has its origin in the study of space polyhedral and plane regular polygons that goes back to early mathematics. In the present day, reflection groups are common in many areas of mathematical research, and geometers encounter them as special convex polytopes or discrete groups of isometries of Riemannian spaces with even curvature. On the other hand, an algebraist encounters reflection groups in group theory, particularly in the representation theory, Coxeter groups and invariant theory. Other areas of mathematics where they may be encountered include the theory of arrangements of hyperplanes, a theory of combinations and permutation, a theory of modular forms and quadratic forms, low-dimensional topology, singularity theory, and the theory of hyperbolic real and complex manifolds (Yau 1986).  Ã‚  

Analyzing Management Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Management Strategies - Research Paper Example The model of management as guided by the theory of TQM supports process ownership in a manner that cultivates team work and eliminates any forms of hierarchies that impede the quality of work through bureaucratic challenges and structural disconnection of the processes within the organization. It is important to consider the fact that some of the issues that attend to the processes of TQM depend on the nature of management and the organizational structure of the firm. On this score, the organization must manage its internal processes in a manner that cultivates harmony across the various processes. A distinguishing aspect of TQM is that it is related to the aspect of information sharing and process regulation (Oakland, 2000). All the distinct components in the supply chain are usually involved in the process for the purpose of enhancing the nature of information sharing and process management. On this score, it becomes important to consider some of the issues that attend to the manag ement of process within the level of management. A key advantage of TQM theory over other theoretical frameworks is that it is basically customer-centered. It actively brings the customer within the processes of the organization in order to capture the rhythms and essence of the market from the perspective of customer preferences, trends on the market, and the general nature of the market. In usual cases, these processes are meant to attract and retain customers through the provision quality services that ensure the retention of the customer base and the maintenance of the market segment. In essence, the processes of management is tailored on the need to develop a process that supplies the basic essence of management in a manner that harmonizes operations across the various processes that relate to issues of management. The theory of Total Quality Management could apply to various processes that regard matters of managerial dynamisms. An example of the areas where such processes cou ld apply is in the food and beverages industry. Total Quality Management requires the harmonization of processes in a way that ensures quality delivery of services and the satisfaction of the customers. The food and beverages industry is usually associated with high levels of risk and losses. By applying the theories of TQM, it becomes possible to regulate the processes in the food and beverages industry in a manner that aligns well with the processes of production, supply, management, and marketing. Companies such as McDonalds and other PepsiCo Inc usually apply the processes of TQM for the purpose of achieving optimum production, high levels of quality, and customer satisfaction. The various integrated processes in TQM usually work in ways that propel organizations towards high levels of profitability and growth. Some of the challenges that attend to the application of the theory of total quality management is that the nature of organizations has undergone significant shifts in st ructures and processes. The advent of globalization, liberalization, and the developments in the information, communication, and technology sector has redefined the working environment in ways that affect the process of integration,

Reflection Groups in Geometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Reflection Groups in Geometry - Essay Example A reflection group is a distinct group produced by multiple reflections of a finite-dimensional (Euclidean) space. Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras and symmetry groups of regular polytypes are examples of finite reflection groups while infinite groups comprise the Weyl groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras and the triangle groups similar to ordinary tessellations of the hyperbolic plane and Euclidean plane. With regard to symmetry, discrete isometry groups of broad Riemannian manifolds that are formed by reflections are grouped into classes leading to hyperbolic reflection groups (corresponding to hyperbolic space), affine (corresponding to Euclidean space) and finite reflection groups (then-sphere). Coxeter groups are reflection groups that are finitely generated. Unlike reflection groups, Coxeter groups are abstract groups that have a certain structure generated by reflections. An investigation of the topology and geometry of reflection groups will help us comp rehend the theoretic properties of the group. The concept of reflection in a Euclidean space and the hypothesis of discrete groups of motions resulting from reflections has its origin in the study of space polyhedral and plane regular polygons that goes back to early mathematics. In the present day, reflection groups are common in many areas of mathematical research, and geometers encounter them as special convex polytopes or discrete groups of isometries of Riemannian spaces with even curvature. On the other hand, an algebraist encounters reflection groups in group theory, particularly in the representation theory, Coxeter groups and invariant theory. Other areas of mathematics where they may be encountered include the theory of arrangements of hyperplanes, a theory of combinations and permutation, a theory of modular forms and quadratic forms, low-dimensional topology, singularity theory, and the theory of hyperbolic real and complex manifolds (Yau 1986).  Ã‚  

Violence in Sports - an Ethical Perspective Essay Example for Free

Violence in Sports an Ethical Perspective Essay Violence in sport has become far too commonplace. Aggressive sports such as football and hockey involve many aggressive tactics; however far too often do these aggressive tactics become overshadowed by deliberate acts of violence with the intent to cause bodily harm to an opponent. Many professional and non-profession athletes, as well as coaches, have adapted the mentality that winning is the common goal that all who participate in sport strive for and therefore feel that engaging in violent acts while competing should be permitted in achieving this goal. In sport winning is what each athlete strives for and seemingly they will consign in harmful acts of violence to achieve their goal. Former Boston Bruins player David Forbes was quoted â€Å" I just don’t see, no matter how wrong the act is, how anything that happens in an athletic contest be criminal†, (Gillespie). The mentality of being above the law that most professional athletes possess does not only affect the game in which they are playing. Many athletes who execute physical acts of violence while competing are more prone to committing such violent acts in their everyday lives, most commonly domestic violence. Harvard Law Review). Spectator violence and hooliganism are also primarily linked to the violence fans observe during sporting events. (Williams). Also, professional and amateur sport has become an integral part of our culture and society. Sports can be seen or heard, in one form or another, at any time of day or night. Professional athletes are amongst the most publicized people in the world. Thus, the words and actions of these athletes have been commonly mistaken as notions of acceptable conduct. Therefore, people, especially children, who view these acts of excessive and dangerous violence often imitate the aggressive acts they too frequently observe from professional and amateur athletes. The core of these on going problems is the lack of, or far too feeble disciplinary actions assigned to players who commit unlawful acts of violence while competing in sport. League officials must enforce harsh penalties for acts of violence during a sporting event. In more severe cases violence in sport should be treated as a criminal matter, where perpetrators can be tried and convicted in civil court. This paper will discuss the affects that violence in sport has on our society by discussing the sub branches of the Social Conflict Theory of sociology. In understanding the sociological affects of violence in sport it is possible to discuss how violence in sports affects our present day society, which closely follows Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state. In applying Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state along with the psychological aspects of Plato’s cardinal virtues it will be possible to come to an understanding on how to eliminate violence in sport. In conclusion, the paper will discuss why athletes, conscious of their actions or not, commit violent acts while competing by applying Psychologist Immanuel Kant’s Theory of Command Given by Reason. Unpunished acts of violence that occur while competing that goes without punishment ultimately leads to violence acts while not competing. There have been numerous accounts of athletes performing physical assault while not competing. The most prevalent form of violence carried out by athletes off the playing field is domestic violence. Football coach Joe Paterno of Penn State University was quoted â€Å"I’m going to go home†¦.. nd beat up my wife† after a pre-season loss (Harvard Law Review [HLR], 1996 p. 1048). Many people have speculated about why athletes are like likely to commit acts of domestic abuse. One of these speculations is that players such as enforcers â€Å"train to use violence and intimidation on the field and may have difficulty preventing these lessons from carrying over into their personal relationships†, (HLR, 1996 p. 1050). Another, more logical speculation is that â€Å"sport has had a kind of sanctuary atmosphere to it in terms of the legal system and police have kept their distance†, (Lapchick, 2000 p. ). For an athlete to be above the law simply because he or she is an athlete is irrational. However, â€Å"the public has gotten fed up with athletes crossing the violent lines, both on and off the court, and that may contribute to police entering the sanctuary†, (Lapchick, 2000 p. 1). If indeed the police begin to get involved when acts of violence are performed by athletes on and off the court, violence and physical aggression may not be as commonplace in the future as they are today. Irrational as it may be for sport to have its own sanctuary atmosphere in terms of the legal system, we as a society must question why we ultimately allow for this to occur. During the 2003- 2004 National Hockey League season Todd Bertuzzi of the Vancouver Canucks viciously attacked unsuspecting Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore. The attack left Moore with a broken neck which ultimately ended his NHL career. Although Bertuzzi was suspended for the remainder of the season and his team was fined $250,000 no criminal charges were laid. One can only wonder how an unprovoked attack on an unsuspecting victim which ultimately ended a career due to a broken neck cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The Bertuzzi incident is an ideal example which illustrates how our society allows professional athletes to advocate themselves above the law. The problem of violence in sport can be discussed using the sub branches of the Social Conflict Theory of sociology. The Social Conflict Theory of sociology deals with the ideology that the problems that society faces are the result of the way that society, as well as the economics of that society are organized. The sub branch of Social Conflict Theory that gives support to the explanation to why we as a society put professional athletes above the law is The Marxist Theory. The Marxist Theory can also be broken down even further into Instrumental Marxism and Structural Marxism theories. The general premises behind the two Marxist theories however are quite similar. Marxist sociologists view crime as an outcome of Capitalism. The upper class, or the Bourgeoises, control all modes of production. It is this system that creates the division between the classes. The upper classes have all they need; they are the wealthy class as well as the most powerful and influential. The lower class, or the Proletariat, on the other hand has virtually nothing. These are the people left with no power no influence and virtually nothing. The general concepts of the Marxist theory are: that the laws are set up to protect the interests as well as maintain their financial standing while nothing is given to the lower classes or the poor. In our society we view our professional athletes as the upper class or the Bourgeoises. Professional athletes are indeed wealthy, powerful and influential. Thus our current laws, according to the Marxist theories, are set up in a way to protect the interest of the upper class (including professional athletes) as well as not to ruin their social status. The Marxist Theories provide an explanation of how professional athletes, such as Todd Bertuzzi, can carry out intentional acts of violence and not be prosecuted while if others who are not part of the upper class (the Proletariat) were to carry out the same act of violence would be prosecuted in a civil court. Therefore, to eliminate violence in sport our society must not allow subcultures, hockey for an example, to follow a different set of laws than the rest of society. Today our society is divided into many different classes. There is the upper class, the upper-middle class, middle class and so forth. Our present day society closely follows Socrates’ pattern in achieving an ideal state. Socrates’ pattern divides society into three classes. The first of the three are the workers, craftsmen, farmers, shopkeepers ect. Another class is the auxiliaries or warriors, and the third class is the guardians or rulers. Each man in the state belongs in one or another of these classes. However to simply divide a society into three classes in an attempt to achieve an ideal state seems somewhat implausible. Plato believed that every man must possess the cardinal virtues to live a good live. These virtues: wisdom, temperance, justice and courage are essential in living a good life and therefore are essential in achieving an ideal state. These virtues however can be applied not only to everyday life, but also to subcultures, such as hockey or football. Plato believes for a state to be ideal it must possess wisdom. The concept of wisdom is understanding ones self and controlling self. If professional or amateur athletes were to possess the virtue of wisdom they ultimately possess self control. To say an athlete committed an act of violence unintentionally or because he or she was â€Å"caught up in the game† is absurd. To commit an act of violence with the intent to cause injury is premeditated. If all athletes were to possess the virtue of wisdom they would have complete control over one self. All athletes should also possess the virtue of courage. Courage can be defined by Plato as â€Å"preserving things which may rightly be feared† (Plato 31). In professional and amateur sport athletes need to respect and obey the rules and regulations. In other words athletes must fear the possible punishments, whether criminal or not, for violence to ultimately be terminated from sport. If athletes begin to feel that they are not above the law or that their subculture must follow the same laws as the remainder of society violence in sport will ultimately decrease. In the republic Plato describes temperance, the third virtue, as: â€Å"†¦ within man himself, in his soul, there is a etter part and a worse; and that he is his own master when the part which is better by nature has the worse under control† (Plato 32). Clearly the virtue of temperance is important to possess for violence to diminish in sport. To master oneself and have the worse under control would definitely decrease the amount of violence in sport. Also, for athletes to have temperance would make for a more exciting game. To have control over one’s self in a team game means putting the team before the individual. Doing so will lead to less violent acts and a more exciting team oriented style of play. The final and most important virtue is justice. Plato believes that if a community were to follow and obey the three previous virtues of wisdom, courage and temperance justice will automatically exist. This can also be applied to the subculture of sport. If all people within the subculture of sport such as the General Managers, league officials and athletes were to possess the three virtues of wisdom, courage and temperance justice would automatically exist and therefore violence in sport would be a criminal matter where perpetrators can be tried and convicted in civil court. In society there are two types of command given by reason; hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Immanuel Kant describes hypothetical imperatives as â€Å"an action that must be done to justify a means or reach a set goal†, (Kant 2). Categorical imperatives are â€Å"actions that are done because of their necessity to morality†, (Kant 2). Hypothetical and categorical imperatives are also present in subcultures. Athletes who commit violent acts while competing follow the hypothetical imperative command. They are driven by hopes of winning and will do whatever it takes to achieve this goal. This is a key factor in giving an explanation to why some athletes find reasoning in committing a violent act while competing in a sporting event. Also this gives explanation to why some athletes fell that no matter how wrong the act is, how anything that happens in an athletic contest be criminal. Following the hypothetical imperative is described as performing an action to justify a means or reach a set goal. If this action is violent many athletes will argue that it should not be considered criminal because it was a justified action executed to reach a set goal; a goal which they are entitled and expected to carry out. However, Kant would argue against this stating that the only ethical principle is universal, and therefore categorical, is â€Å"to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a mean†. For example in hockey a hypothetical imperative could be â€Å"if you don’t obey the rules you go to the penalty box†. A categorical imperative would be â€Å"Obey the rules, it is your duty†. If athlete’s were to take on a categorical imperative way of life sport violence would come to an end, not because it is right or wrong, but because it would be the athletes duty to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a mean. Nonetheless, it is illogical to assume that violence in sport will one day be non existent. It is not illogical to assume that if the subculture of sport and those who are in command adapt the categorical imperative ways that violent acts in sport will be considered a criminal matter. To live a good life it is essential to possess the cardinal virtues. The cardinal virtues are essential in achieving an ideal state. In achieving an ideal state Kant would argue that the only ethical principle is universal and therefore categorical is to treat oneself, always as an end, never as a means. By treating oneself always as an end, never as a means true justice in present day society will prevail and everyone who commits a violent act will be prosecuted in civil court regardless if they belong to a subculture or not.

Competitive Advantages Of Johnson And Johnson Commerce Essay

Competitive Advantages Of Johnson And Johnson Commerce Essay Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson (JJ) was founded more than 120 years ago on a revolutionary idea that doctors and nurses should use sterile sutures, dressings and bandages to treat peoples wounds. Ever since, JJ has brought to the world, new ideas and products that have transformed human health and well-being. Johnson  Ã‚  Johnson has more than 250 companies located in 57 countries around the world involving specially in to three main businesses ; medical devices and diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, and consumer health care. JJ has experienced astonishing growth through global expansion, innovative products and processes, RD, services and quality that make a difference in peoples lives. Johnsons Baby is the most trusted brand of skin care products for mothers all over the world. Like Diaper rash care, baby powders, baby hair care, baby bath products and many more. They offer products and information targeting baby care, skin and hair care, nutritionals and so on. Creating meaningful innovation in health care within the consumer business franchise depends on a research strategy deeply involved in technology and consumer insight. This takes into consideration JJs vision: Bringing Science to the Art of Healthy Living! Major competitors Although the Consumer Health Care division is the smallest of the companys three segments, it includes some of the companys most recognizable brands such as Tylenol, Neutrogena, and Band-Aid. The major competitors of JJ are Novartis and Procter and Gamble in baby care products. Table 1: sales of Major Consumer Franchise in USD Millions Company Name Johnson Johnson (Baby Care) Novartis (consumer health) Procter Gamble (BABY CARE AND FAMILY CARE) 2007 1,982 NA 1,440 2008 2,214 1,125 1,728 2009 2,115 1,118 1,770 Table 1 and graph 1shows the greater sales figure of baby care products of JJ than its competitors which also includes family health care products. From this, we can see the highest market share of JJ in the industry. In baby care, they compete primarily in diapers, training pants and baby wipes, with approximately 35% of the global market share. Graph 1: chart showing sales of table 1. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES PRODUCTS The first competitive advantage for JNJ lies in its product itself which has NO MORE TEARS ® formula patent. Safety, comfort, and gentleness have always been a top most priority in its products. Instead of soap or alcohol it uses various harmless chemicals, and its products go through rigorous clinical testing to ensure the highest standards in baby care. Johnsons baby shampoos and soaps has been a trusted product for the parents which rinses very quickly and cleanly, and doesnt cause irritation to skin, eyes and scalp unlike others products. They have got most number of patented products. BRAND JJ has a history of 120 years of operations which has been trusted by doctors, nurses and parents around the world, now operating across 57 countries with more than 250 operating companies. In 2008, its brand value was worth of $3,582 millions, ranking 92 in the world. The company has been involved in many CSR activities like supporting International Youth Foundation for HIV/AIDS prevention program in Africa, child center in India, educating the people and providing handful tips regarding healthy and safety living, caring babies, and healthy environment. INNOVATION It is interesting to see innovation in terms of its products and processes as well in JJ, and every year it comes up with innovative products. Recently they have introduced new night time product which has been clinically proved to help babies fall asleep well and throughout the night. JJ has strong and well-equipped RD network, state-of-art technology, huge investment capacity, world-class research facilities, highly productive small team settings, and sound scientific methods. Every year JJ invests billions of dollars in RD, in 2008, it had invested 11.9% of its total sales (total sales figure was $7,577 million), ranking 7 in the worlds top companies spending in RD, and topmost in its industry. EXTENSIVE COLLABORATIONS JJ has been exclusively involved in selective licensing, acquiring and forming joint ventures for growth and expansion. Every year they enter in to 100s of strategic alliances and they have acquired more than 35 companies through the world so as to share best practices, acquire and develop cooperative talent, share research initiative, group purchasing and others. For example, in 2006, it acquired consumer section of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare (PCH), which added diverse portfolio in nine additional categories. In same year, it acquired Groupe Vendome, a reputed company in France involved in adult and baby skin product, and now JJ is selling product in their brand name in market of France. The ability to work across company and countries has helped JJ to produce most comprehensive and broad health care products, which has made them unique in the market. Their diversification is within the industry has made possible for cross business collaboration to address unmet health care needs. CORPORATE CULTURE Driven by the companys vision and support from top management, employee diversity has become one competitive advantage for JJ supported by various programs and activities like affinity groups, mentoring programs, diversity university, etc. Employees are encouraged to work in different divisions and roles so as to develop broadly. The business model adapted by JJ fundamentally uses the adaptation of entrepreneurial values. The decentralized corporate structure results in different people with different skills, thoughts, and ideas coming together and collaborating to develop products and technologies. The company has received various awards and recognitions for its best practices. We have the people, proprietary technology and capabilities of many diverse, entrepreneurial companies, this enables us to innovate at the intersections of our businesses. Thats an important competitive advantage and why were truly more than the sum of our many vibrant businesses. Johnson Johnsons Vice Chairman Christine Poon Sustainability and conclusion JJenjoys sustainable competitive advantage mainly due to corporate culture and brand name. Innovation has become possible because of its resource capabilities, extensive collaboration strategies and its business model. It would be surprising to see JJpossessing more core competencies which they have created from 120 years of operations. It has created more value to customers from benefit and cost advantage thorough increasing return rather than economies of scaleThus, we strongly believe that it will make them to stand out in the market in days ahead too.

A Feminist Perspective of A Dolls House Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wo

A Feminist Perspective of A Doll's House In "A Doll's House", Ibsen portrays the bleak picture of a role held by women of all economic classes that is sacrificial. The female characters in the play back-up Nora's assertion that even though men are unable to sacrifice their integrity, "hundreds of thousands of woman have." Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandon Krogstad, her true but poor love, and marry a richer man in order to support her mother and two brothers. The nanny has to abandon her children to support herself by working for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in comparison to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to hide the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the beginning of "A Doll's House", Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvald's teasing, relishes in the excitement of his new job, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existence, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Nora's true character appears and proves that she is more than just a "silly girl" as Torvald calls her. Her understanding of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvald's health shows her intelligence and her abilities beyond being merely a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to pay off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to break the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and needs to grow before she can raise her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isn't obligated to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Nora's realization comes when she tells Torvald that her duty to herself is as strong as her duty as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a human being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to explore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. "A Doll's House Again."   Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40. A Feminist Perspective of A Doll's House Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wo A Feminist Perspective of A Doll's House In "A Doll's House", Ibsen portrays the bleak picture of a role held by women of all economic classes that is sacrificial. The female characters in the play back-up Nora's assertion that even though men are unable to sacrifice their integrity, "hundreds of thousands of woman have." Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandon Krogstad, her true but poor love, and marry a richer man in order to support her mother and two brothers. The nanny has to abandon her children to support herself by working for Nora. Though Nora is economically advantaged, in comparison to the other female characters, she leads a hard life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriages dominant member. Torvald condescends Nora and inadvertently forces Nora to hide the loan from him. Nora knows that Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife, or any other woman, could aid in saving his life. At the beginning of "A Doll's House", Nora seems completely happy. She responds to Torvald's teasing, relishes in the excitement of his new job, and takes pleasure in the company of her children and friends. Nora never appears to disagree with her doll-like existence, in which she is cuddled, pampered and patronized. As the play progresses, Nora's true character appears and proves that she is more than just a "silly girl" as Torvald calls her. Her understanding of the business details related to the dept she incurred in taking out a loan to help Torvald's health shows her intelligence and her abilities beyond being merely a wife. The secret labor she undertakes to pay off her dept demonstrates her determination and ambition. In addition, her willingness to break the law in order to aid her... ...dlike mentality and needs to grow before she can raise her own children. Her defiance of Torvald, when he refuses to let her leave, reflects her epiphany that she isn't obligated to let Torvald dictate her actions. The height of Nora's realization comes when she tells Torvald that her duty to herself is as strong as her duty as a wife and mother. She now sees that she is a human being before she is a wife and mother and she owes herself to explore her personality, ambitions, and beliefs. Works Consulted Clurman, Harold. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. 1977 Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Shaw, Bernard. "A Doll's House Again."   Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.

The Print Media Is Less Effective Than Other Media Types :: essays research papers

The Print Media Is Less Effective Than Other Media Types   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The print media has little significance in shaping public reaction to political events in this age of CNN and news ON-LINE. This is because of the audience, work, and time involved in each. That is, the number of people that each reaches, the amount of work involved to get the scoop, and the amount of time it takes each to broadcast the news.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first reason, the amount of people that the news reaches, is probably the biggest factor. Television is watched by most of the population whereas, the amount of people that receive a newspaper, or other source of obtaining news information, such as NEWSWEEK, is considerably less. Also, television offers a variety of channels and programs, which means a more complete story, as opposed to a newspaper which might only offer one view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason that television is preferred to print is because of the amount of work involved. The newspaper, or a magazine, is something that you have to go out and get, or even worse, wait for. News is not readily available, and waiting can be unpleasant if you are anxious for the inside scoop. Television, on the other hand, is available on a daily basis, and it can be turned on at any. Satellite owners have an even greater advantage, they can find global news and have a greater number of choices such as which news program to watch. Also, if a person is illiterate or a poor reader, it is quite obvious that they will choose television over a newspaper. Television is a much easier alternative than obtaining news through print.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third and very important reason that print is the less effective method of obtaining information is time. It takes much longer than watching television or listening to the radio. For example, if a person works a lot and spends his other time taking care of a family and driving to and from work, then that person is going to choose the radio over the newspaper.

Emotionally Focused Therapy Essay

To love and be loved in return is essential for an individual’s happiness. In accordance with many other aspects of life, marital status as been linked to influencing ones life in a positive way; making it happier (Stack, Eshleman, 527). The problem with this is that not all marriages stay healthy and good. With divorce rates raging from 40%-50% in the United States, there ends up being a gap in the happiness of many (Marriage and Divorce, 1). One path that some pairs choose is couples therapy. Unfortunately, generalized couples therapy can be tricky in the way that there is not enough empirical data and it proves difficult for a therapist to know what to do, when to do it, or how to do it properly. As Greenman and Johnson point out, â€Å"Research done in the past 30 years would suggest that between 25%-30% of couples who receive therapy do not demonstrate significant improvement and that there are substantial rates of relapse (close to 40%) among those who do† (Greenman, Johnson, 46). This being said, they continue on to talk about an exception to this rule. It is an experiential-humanistic, systemic intervention that has plenty of empirical support and linked evidence between client outcome and the therapy process. This intervention is called Emotionally-Focused Therapy (EFT). To introduce this type of therapy is it important to know about Attachment Theory. This theory was developed in great part by a British psychiatrist named John Bowlby in the 1950’s (Peterson, 258). This theory has since been studied vigorously using the Strange Situation technique, which measures infant-parent attachment. It will observe infants reactions to their mothers leaving, and also to their return. What has been found is that children at a very young age develop one of three possible attachment styles. The first of the possibilities is to become securely attached. This is the case for around 70% of children (Peterson, 258). When the mother leaves the room, the infants will become upset, but upon her return the infant will reach out in  some positive way including smiling, touching, or speaking to the mother. The second outcome is known as Avoidant (about 20%) (Peterson, 258). In this case, the child will not become upset when the mother leaves, or will the child show enthusiasm when the mother returns. The third possibility is called Ambivalent (about 20%) (Peterson, 258). These children will cry when their mother leaves, and will not be comforted when she returns. In some cases, the child will actually punish the mother for leaving in the first place. These different outcomes have been linked directly to how a mother interacts with her infant. If the mother is affectionate and caring, the children will often develop secure attachments. On the other hand, if the mother is rejecting and judgmental, this could result in the child being ambivalent or avoidant (Peterson, 258). The importance of Attachment Theory is the fact that data shows these attachments, developed in infancy, can stay with an individual throughout the rest of their lives. Avoidant and ambivalent children often grow up to be less sociable than securely attached children. Once these children grow into adulthood, their attachment stops being to their parents or caregivers and are replaced by romantic partners (Peterson, 50). It is common that someone who grew up being avoidant or ambivalent may find it hard to express their basic emotional needs to another individual. It is also common that marital problems can come down to a lack of positive communication. Being critical, defensive or stonewalling, which is often the case with people unable to express themselves, can absolutely effect a marriage negatively (Stack, Eshleman, 528). If a married couple find they are struggling through their marriage, it could be possible that one or both of them were not securely attached in infancy. This is where Emotionally-Focused Therapy can aid significantly to a couple. With around 40% of children growing up either avoidant or ambivalently attached, it is not surprising that divorce rates are as high as they are (Peterson, 260). In addition, with standard couples therapy not being as successful as one would hope, Emotionally-Focused Therapy is a refreshing, and supported way to get the help many couples may need. Peterson defines EFT as, â€Å"An approach for troubled couples based on attachment theory that  directly teaches a more-flexible approach to the expression and satisfaction of needs† (Peterson, 272). The goal of this technique is to be able to send and receive accurate affective messages with their partner which helps each of them achieve the comfort and connection they desire. This therapy is separated into 3 stages, with different sets of therapeutic goals for each. The first stage of EFT is called Cycle De-Escalation (Greenman, Johnson, 47) . This is where the couple can identify the main difficulties in their marriage and begin to understand their problem-cycle. This can often include loneliness, dejection or the fear that that can be associated with not being close and connected to their spouse. This is often when attachment styles are most notable. The second stage involves two main ideas being, Withdrawer Re-engagement and Blamer Softening (Greenman, Johnson, 47). This is a very important stage because it involves restructuring the way the couple interact with each other. The therapist will use many different methods including reflections, enactments, and empathetic restatements to guide the conversation. It is also important in this stage that the individuals turn to one another and portray their true affect. The therapist will help to teach them to control their body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice when speaking to each other. After stage two, the couple should be able to provide and ask for comfort from their partner, coming from a place of vulnerability (Greenman, Johnson, 47). In the third stage the therapist will act as a facilitator. The couple will be redirected and asked about major longstanding conflicts they had. They can then incorporate their new way of interacting with each other into their problem cycle, successfully minimizing it (Greenman, Johnson, 48). This form of therapy is important in showing individuals, who may not have ever expressed themselves thoroughly, that it is okay to recognize their need for emotional closeness. It is also important that they are aware of their avoidance toward speaking vulnerably. Once individuals can obtain a safe haven in their relationship and participate in problem solving effectively, most couples have reported a significantly higher satisfaction with themselves and in their marriage (Greenman, Johnson, 50). When learning about Attachment Theory, some may find themselves in the avoidant or ambivalent categories. This can be daunting, due to the fact that these attachments stay with us throughout our lives. It is discouraging to look into the future and assume you will still not be able to express yourself to your loved ones, and all of this because we did not become securely attached in infancy? This hardly seems fair. Emotionally-Focused Therapy gives an opportunity to those, who perhaps have never been in a secure relationship, to express themselves securely. It allows them the opportunity to build on their relationships in a healthy, productive way. Also allowing them the weight lifting feeling of being vulnerable, heard, and responded to with positivity. Work Cited: Greenman, P., & Johnson, S. (2013). Process Research on Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for Couples: Linking Theory to Practice. Family Process, 52, 46-61. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.dml.regis.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=552d7eaa-fd7a-47e1-85e2-1e0eeb60ec88@sessionmgr115&vid=3&hid=110 Marriage and Divorce. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://www.apa.org/topics/divorce/ Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stack, S., & Eshleman, R. (1998). Marital Status and Happiness: A 17-Nation Study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(2), 527-538. (Stack, Eshleman, 527)

Individual Assigment Essay

Narration: The world of technology has evolved over the years, and that means the need for technology has increased as well. Businesses have evolved over time with the use of technology, it allows us to shop, sell, trade, and function overseas. As I read over your business plan it seems that it is designed to compete in the local market, as well as add value to the community. Technology will play a huge part in both, it allows you to create and implement a plan that will help increase profit and customer satisfaction. As your business will compete in the local market, you will need to consider implementing Enterprise 2.0 or Web 2.0. Both Enterprise 2.0 and Web 2.0 offer many benefits to help your company succeed and grow with the ever changing economy and local market, both will allow your company to widen your market from county to county, state to state and even other countries. Enterprise 2.0 The attributes of Enterprise 2.0 practices can be very useful and sufficient in brainstorming, sharing, and evaluating ideas by utilizing enterprise social networking. Enterprise 2.0 helps business decrease IT costs by decreasing the amount of hardware and software that is needed (McAfee, 2010). Enterprise 2.0 would be a good asset to your business, it would keep it cost down and allow the marketing that you need to be competitive in your local market. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 also has many beneficial factors that would also be a good asset to your company, it includes social networking sites that would create great marketing tools, it allows you to create website which can also be a great tool for marketing and it allows you the user to be in control over the data  used. Web 2.0 offer rich user experience, user participation, scalability, and freedom. Web 2.0 offers a wide variety of marketing tools as well as creating a safe and valuable way to increase profit, and safe guard your assets (McAfee, 2010). .